The debate over the safety of artificial turf has reached new heights as more and more synthetic grass fields are installed across the United States each year. What was once hailed as a cost-effective and low-maintenance solution for sports fields and playgrounds has increasingly come under scrutiny due to concerns over player injuries and the potential environmental and health risks posed by chemicals in the turf.
One of the most poignant stories in this ongoing debate comes from Natalie Silva, a high school senior from Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who suffered a knee injury that has left her in recovery for over a year. Silva, who dreams of playing college soccer, sustained the injury during a game when she claims her cleats got stuck in the synthetic turf at an away game. She recalled hearing a “pop” in her knee as she fell. Silva believes that had the game been played on natural grass instead of artificial turf, her injury might not have occurred.
The growing number of synthetic fields in schools, parks, and athletic complexes across the country has spurred a conversation about turf safety. Advocates for artificial turf argue that it is a convenient, durable, and cost-effective surface, especially in areas with limited resources. But critics, including athletes, doctors, and environmentalists, are raising concerns about the long-term consequences of playing on such surfaces, especially in light of research suggesting that artificial turf may be linked to a higher risk of serious injuries like ACL tears and sprains, as well as potential exposure to toxic chemicals.
Turf’s Impact on Injuries
Artificial turf has been in use since the 1960s, initially gaining prominence in the Houston Astrodome as a solution for indoor sports. Today, it is the surface of choice for many professional stadiums, schools, and sports leagues across the United States. It is made from synthetic fibers designed to resemble grass, but underneath, it is typically laid on top of a layer of rubber pellets—recycled tire materials that add cushioning and durability.
However, despite its benefits, many in the medical field have raised concerns over the impact that playing on turf can have on an athlete’s body. According to a study of NFL data published in 2024, players experienced higher rates of lower extremity injuries on artificial turf compared to natural grass. Specifically, injuries like ACL tears and ankle sprains were significantly more common on synthetic surfaces.
“ACL and ankle sprains are the primary injuries we see from turf,” said Zach Smith, founder of HIDEF Physical Therapy, based in Seattle. “The turf provides better grip and more friction, which can be great for performance, but it’s bad for the joints. It increases torque on the knees and ankles, which can lead to serious injuries.”
Indeed, Dr. Brian Feeley, an orthopedic surgeon at the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out that players are more likely to suffer serious injuries, including Achilles tendon ruptures, on artificial turf due to the increased friction between cleats and the surface. The synthetic material does not release cleats as easily as natural grass, leading to more strain on the joints when players pivot or make sudden movements. The long-term consequences of these injuries can be severe, as ACL injuries in young athletes can often lead to arthritis in later years.
The Environmental and Chemical Concerns
In addition to injury risks, concerns over the safety of artificial turf are also rooted in its environmental and chemical composition. Most artificial turf contains small black pellets called crumb rubber, which are made from shredded recycled tires. These pellets are used to provide cushioning for players but have raised alarm due to their potential toxicity.
Stuart Shalat, the former director of the Division of Environmental Health at Georgia State University, has extensively researched the chemicals found in synthetic turf. He points out that crumb rubber can contain harmful substances such as petroleum compounds, metals, and lead—chemicals that may pose a threat to players. “When the turf heats up, it can release fumes or transfer these chemicals onto the skin,” Shalat explained. “We don’t fully understand the long-term effects, especially for children, who are more vulnerable.”
The concern is particularly relevant for younger players, who may be more susceptible to chemical exposure. Some studies have shown that the forever chemicals, known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are prevalent in synthetic turf. These chemicals are persistent in the environment and have been linked to a variety of health issues, including cancer, hormone disruption, and liver damage. In response to these concerns, cities like Boston and Westport, Connecticut, have moved to ban the use of turf fields containing crumb rubber, while other states like Vermont and California have passed restrictions or allowed local communities to impose bans.
The Hot-Weather Dangers
As if the risks of injury and chemical exposure weren’t enough, artificial turf has another significant disadvantage: it absorbs heat. On hot days, synthetic grass fields can become much hotter than natural grass fields, creating a serious health hazard for athletes. Turf fields can reach temperatures 30 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit higher than natural grass, leading to a greater risk of heat-related illnesses like heat stroke or burns.
This heat effect is particularly dangerous when combined with the friction of playing on turf. Zach Smith noted that the combination of heat and friction on turf surfaces can cause blisters, turf toe, and turf burns—painful injuries that are common among athletes who frequently play on synthetic fields.
Pushback from the Industry
Despite the growing concerns, the Synthetic Turf Council, an industry trade group, continues to defend the use of artificial turf. In a letter protesting a proposed ban on synthetic turf in Santa Clara County, the president and CEO of the council, Melanie Taylor, stated that “forever chemicals” are present in many parts of the environment and that the presence of these substances in artificial turf does not make it any more hazardous than other environmental exposures.
Manufacturers also highlight the benefits of turf, arguing that it allows for year-round play, reduces maintenance costs (no watering, no mowing, no fertilizers), and helps mitigate environmental concerns like water usage. Adam Grossman, the CEO of Southern Turf Co., an artificial turf manufacturer, emphasized that their products are non-toxic and have been designed to be safe for players of all ages.
The Future of Artificial Turf
As synthetic turf becomes more widespread, especially in schools and local parks, the debate over its safety continues to intensify. Injuries, chemical exposure, and environmental concerns have sparked legislative action in several states, with some local governments opting to ban or restrict the use of artificial turf.
For athletes like Natalie Silva, the consequences of turf-related injuries are personal. She still struggles with the aftermath of her knee injury, which has altered her college soccer dreams and forced her to endure months of physical therapy. Silva’s story is a reminder of the real-life impacts that the debate over artificial turf can have on young athletes.
Looking ahead, stakeholders in the artificial turf industry, lawmakers, and public health experts will need to continue evaluating the risks and benefits of these surfaces. While artificial turf offers advantages in terms of cost and durability, the concerns surrounding its safety cannot be overlooked. Whether artificial turf becomes the norm or is replaced by more natural alternatives remains to be seen, but one thing is clear: the stakes are high when it comes to protecting the health and safety of athletes.
